![]() Britain supported the Balfour Declaration of 1917, which favored a Jewish homeland. The British government was granted control of Palestine by the mandate of the Versailles Peace Conference in 1919 at the end of World War I. Britain defeated Turkish forces in 1917 and occupied Palestine for the remainder of the war. Palestine was a part of the Turkish Ottoman Empire before the end of World War I. Most Jewish people were dispersed throughout the world, with the majority in Europe and the United States. Before 1948, most people in Palestine were called Palestinians and consisted primarily of Arab Muslims, Samaritans, Bedouins, and Jews. ![]() The region went through a series of tumultuous transitions before it became the nation of Israel. Before that time, the country was called Palestine. Though most of the population in the Middle East is Islamic, there are exceptions, such as in Israel, which has a Jewish majority. Israel does not have substantial oil resources but has a potential for natural gas in offshore locations along the Mediterranean Sea. South of the Negev Desert is the Gulf of Aqaba, which provides access to the Red Sea for both Israel and Jordan. Over time, salts and minerals have built up, creating an environment that does not support fish or aquatic life. The Dead Sea is 1,300 feet below sea level, so it has no outlet. The Jordan River flows from the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea. The Sea of Galilee, also called Lake Kinneret or the Sea of Tiberias, is a major fresh water supply. The coastal region, which has a moderate type C climate, receives more rainfall than the dry interior and the Negev Desert in the south, both of which have arid type B climates. Covering an area of only 8,522 square miles, Israel is smaller than the US state of Massachusetts and only one-fifth the size of the state of Kentucky. Israel is bordered by Lebanon to the north, Syria and Jordan to the east, and Egypt to the south. We note a single cataloged example which is part of the collection at the Library of Congress.At the center of the Middle East, on the shores of the Mediterranean in the Levant (the area bordering the eastern Mediterranean Sea), lies the country of Israel. Publication History and CensusThis map was created by the Civic Education Service and published on March 10, 1969. The Egyptians shelled the Suez Canal and led extensive commando raids and aerial warfare against the Israelis, but when a ceasefire ended the fighting in August 1970, the borders had not changed. In March 1969, however, the Egyptian Army decided that it was prepared for larger scale operations against the Israelis occupying Sinai, and Egyptian President Gamal Nasser declared the War of Attrition on March 8. Thus, the conflict simmered in the background, with artillery duels or small-scale incursions continuing hostilities. The Arab League established its 'three no's' policy in September 1967 which barred peace, recognition, or negotiations. After the Six-Day War, no parties involved seriously tried to resolve the issues at the center of the Arab-Israeli conflict. By the time the ceasefires were signed, Israel had also seized the Gaza Strip from Egypt, the Golan Heights from Syria, and the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) from Jordan. Israeli forces occupied the Sinai Peninsula after just six days of fighting. During the Six-Day War, Israel caught Egyptian forces completely by surprise, nearly destroying the Egyptian Air Force. ![]() The War of Attrition (1967 - 1970)The War of Attrition was a continuation of the 1967 Six-Day War fought between Israel and a coalition of Arab states made up of Syria, Jordan, and Egypt. Since this piece was created for use in schools, photographs present the conflict and the countries involved, including Egyptian and Jordanian refugees and cultural sites in Israel and Egypt. Brown and yellow parallel lines illustrate areas occupied by Israel, including the Sinai, Gaza, the West Bank, and the Golan Heights. Published during the War of Attrition between Israel and Egypt, Israel is shaded brown, and the surrounding Arab states (Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt) yellow. ![]() This is a 1969 Civic Education Service map of the Middle East focusing on Israel, the Sinai Peninsula, and the surrounding region. Minnesota - North Dakota - South Dakota.Massachusetts - Connecticut - Rhode Island. ![]()
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